di Paolo Attivissimo. Questo articolo è disponibile anche in inglese e vi arriva grazie alle donazioni per il libro “Luna? Sì, ci siamo andati!". Credit per tutte le immagini: NASA/LROC/Arizona State University.
La sonda Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter è nota per le sue fotografie dei siti di allunaggio Apollo, che nel 2009 hanno finalmente fatto intravedere i veicoli e le attrezzature lasciate sulla Luna (link) e nel 2012 ne hanno offerto una visione ancora più chiara, come questa, riferita al sito di allunaggio di Apollo 15, che mostra lo stadio di discesa (descent stage) del Modulo Lunare della missione, che come tutti gli stadi di discesa dei LM usati per gli allunaggi fu lasciato sulla superficie della Luna. L’immagine mostra anche il veicolo elettrico (LRV) usato dagli astronauti Dave Scott e Jim Irwin per esplorare la zona, gli esperimenti da loro collocati sulla Luna (ALSEP) e i segni delle loro impronte.
Tuttavia non è stata la sonda LRO a fornire la prima documentazione fotografica dei veicoli Apollo visti dall’orbita lunare. Esistono infatti foto del sito di allunaggio di Apollo 15, scattate dallo spazio, che mostrano il Modulo Lunare mentre gli astronauti erano ancora sulla Luna.
Il Modulo di Servizio di Apollo 15, che rimase in orbita intorno alla Luna, pilotato dall’astronauta Al Worden, mentre Scott e Irwin esploravano la superficie lunare, era infatti dotato di una fotocamera ad altissima risoluzione, la Panoramic Camera, che scattò centinaia di foto dall’orbita lunare (maggiori dettagli sono qui e qui). Ciascuna delle immagini lunghe e sottili riprese da questa fotocamera su pellicola aveva una risoluzione tale da mostrare dettagli di 1-2 metri di grandezza su un’area di 320 x 20 km. Queste fotografie sono state sottoposte a scansione e sono disponibili su Internet presso l’Apollo Image Archive della Arizona State University.
Le scansioni risultanti sono immense: le loro versioni in formato PNG Large misurano 60.000 x 6.500 pixel. Ma ci sono versioni a risoluzione anche maggiore: le scansioni grezze in formato TIFF, che misurano 320.000 x 25.000 pixel. Sono così grandi che la Arizona State University ha diviso ciascuna immagine della Panoramic Camera image in otto parti che misurano ciascuna circa 40.000 x 25.000 pixel.
La foto AS15-P-9377 è una delle migliori immagini della Rima Hadley, il sito di allunaggio di Apollo 15, scattate da questa Panoramic Camera. Ecco la versione intera della foto, ridimensionata a 1024 x 109 pixel: la Rima Hadley è proprio al centro di questa lunga striscia di pellicola.
La zoomata massima possibile presso il sito della Arizona State University fornisce soltanto un’ombra a malapena visibile del Modulo Lunare. Per vederla dovrete probabilmente cliccare sull’immagine qui sotto per ingrandirla: l’ombra è accanto alla punta della freccia.
È interessante notare, tuttavia, che la zoomata massima fornita dal sito della ASU non corrisponde alla piena risoluzione della scansione. Per avere questa piena risoluzione è necessario scaricare la scansione grezza in formato TIFF. La Tile 4 (2 GB) di questa scansione grezza della foto 9377 ha questo aspetto (ridimensionata e con l’aggiunta di un riquadro che evidenzia la zona di allunaggio):
Con questa immagine si può zoomare sulla zona di allunaggio e ottenere questo dettaglio (ricampionato ed evidenziato):
Ruotando questa immagine in modo da mettere il nord in alto, aumentandone il contrasto e stringendo ulteriormente l’inquadratura si ottiene questa foto: il Modulo Lunare al completo (sia lo stadio di discesa, sia quello di risalita). Notate l’ombra triangolare. Questa è la primissima immagine orbitale di un Modulo Lunare Apollo, e fu scattata mentre gli astronauti erano ancora sulla Luna.
Grazie ai dati dell’ASU sappiamo esattamente quando fu scattata questa foto storica: il 31 luglio, durante la sedicesima orbita del Modulo di Comando e Servizio Endeavour. In altre parole, fu scattata circa un’ora dopo la Stand-Up EVA di Dave Scott’s, per cui Scott e Irwin erano all’interno del Modulo Lunare nel momento in cui Al Worden riprese questa immagine da una quota di 101,22 km.
Vorrei sottolineare che non sto rivendicando una scoperta: sto semplicemente documentando il metodo da usare per accedere a queste immagini. L’Apollo Lunar Surface Journal già offre questa fotografia nella sua Apollo 15 Map and Image Library, che nota inoltre che Apollo 15 scattò anche altre immagini del sito di allunaggio, che mostrano il LM dall’orbita durante orbite successive a questa, quando Scott e Irwin erano ancora sulla Luna (foto 9430, orbita 27 e foto 9798, orbita 38) e dopo la loro partenza (foto 9809 e 9814, orbita 50). La fotografia mostrata qui è la prima in assoluto.
2016/08/14
The very first image of a Lunar Module on the Moon taken from space: Apollo 15, 1971
by Paolo Attivissimo. An Italian version of this article is available. Credit for all images: NASA/LROC/Arizona State University.
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter probe is well-known for its photographs of the Apollo landing sites, which in 2009 finally showed the first glimpses of the hardware left on the Moon (link) and in 2012 offered even clearer views, such as the following picture of the Apollo 15 landing site, showing the descent stage of that mission’s Lunar Module, which like all LM descent stages used for Moon landings was left on the lunar surface. The image also shows the electric vehicle (LRV) used by astronauts Dave Scott and Jim Irwin to explore the area, the experiments they set up on the Moon (ALSEP) and the trails of footsteps they left.
However, LRO did not provide the very first visual documentation of Apollo hardware on the Moon from lunar orbit: there are photographs of the Apollo 15 landing site taken from space while the astronauts were still on the Moon.
The Apollo 15 Service Module, which remained in orbit around the Moon under the control of Command Module Pilot Al Worden while Scott and Irwin explored the lunar surface, was in fact equipped with a high-resolution Panoramic Camera, which took hundreds of photographs from lunar orbit (details are here and here). Each of the long, narrow images taken by this film camera resolved surface details of 1-2 meters over an area of 320 x 20 km. These photographs have been scanned and made available online at the Apollo Image Archive of the Arizona State University.
These Panoramic Camera image scans are truly huge: the PNG Large versions measure 60,000 x 6,500 pixels. However, there are even higher-resolution versions, the raw TIFF scans, spanning a whopping 320,000 x 25,000 pixels. They are so large that the ASU has split each Panoramic Camera image into eight tiles measuring approximately 40,000 x 25,000 pixels.
AS15-P-9377 is one of the best Panoramic Camera images of the Hadley Rille landing site of Apollo 15. This is the full-width version, resized to 1024 x 109 pixels (the Hadley Rille is right in the center of this long film strip):
Maximum zoom-in on the Arizona State University website yields only barely visible shadow of the LM. You’ll probably have to click on the picture below to see it next to the tip of the arrow.
Interestingly, it turns out that ASU's maximum zoom does not provide the full resolution of the scan. For that you need to download the TIFF raw scan. Tile 4 (2 GB) of this raw scan looks like this (resized and annotated; the box indicates the landing site area):
You can now zoom in on the landing site and get this (resampled and annotated):
Rotating this image so that north is up, increasing its contrast and cropping it yields this: the complete Lunar Module (both the ascent stage and the descent stages): notice the tapering shadow. This is the very first orbital image of an Apollo LM, and it was taken while its astronauts were still on the Moon.
Thanks to the ASU data we know exactly when it was taken: on July 31st, 1971, during the sixteenth lunar orbit of the Commmand and Service Module Endeavour. In other words, about an hour after Dave Scott’s Stand-Up EVA, so Scott and Irwin were inside the LM when this photo was taken by Al Worden from an altitude of 101.22 km.
I’d like to clarify that I’m not claiming this to be my discovery: I’m merely documenting the method you can use to access these images. The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal already has this image in its Apollo 15 Map and Image Library. The ALSJ library, additionally, notes that Apollo 15 also took other pictures of the landing site showing the LM from orbit during later orbits while Scott and Irwin were still on the Moon (frame 9430, orbit 27 and frame 9798, orbit 38) and after they departed (frames 9809 and 9814, orbit 50). The photograph shown here is the very first one.
The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter probe is well-known for its photographs of the Apollo landing sites, which in 2009 finally showed the first glimpses of the hardware left on the Moon (link) and in 2012 offered even clearer views, such as the following picture of the Apollo 15 landing site, showing the descent stage of that mission’s Lunar Module, which like all LM descent stages used for Moon landings was left on the lunar surface. The image also shows the electric vehicle (LRV) used by astronauts Dave Scott and Jim Irwin to explore the area, the experiments they set up on the Moon (ALSEP) and the trails of footsteps they left.
However, LRO did not provide the very first visual documentation of Apollo hardware on the Moon from lunar orbit: there are photographs of the Apollo 15 landing site taken from space while the astronauts were still on the Moon.
The Apollo 15 Service Module, which remained in orbit around the Moon under the control of Command Module Pilot Al Worden while Scott and Irwin explored the lunar surface, was in fact equipped with a high-resolution Panoramic Camera, which took hundreds of photographs from lunar orbit (details are here and here). Each of the long, narrow images taken by this film camera resolved surface details of 1-2 meters over an area of 320 x 20 km. These photographs have been scanned and made available online at the Apollo Image Archive of the Arizona State University.
These Panoramic Camera image scans are truly huge: the PNG Large versions measure 60,000 x 6,500 pixels. However, there are even higher-resolution versions, the raw TIFF scans, spanning a whopping 320,000 x 25,000 pixels. They are so large that the ASU has split each Panoramic Camera image into eight tiles measuring approximately 40,000 x 25,000 pixels.
AS15-P-9377 is one of the best Panoramic Camera images of the Hadley Rille landing site of Apollo 15. This is the full-width version, resized to 1024 x 109 pixels (the Hadley Rille is right in the center of this long film strip):
Maximum zoom-in on the Arizona State University website yields only barely visible shadow of the LM. You’ll probably have to click on the picture below to see it next to the tip of the arrow.
Interestingly, it turns out that ASU's maximum zoom does not provide the full resolution of the scan. For that you need to download the TIFF raw scan. Tile 4 (2 GB) of this raw scan looks like this (resized and annotated; the box indicates the landing site area):
You can now zoom in on the landing site and get this (resampled and annotated):
Rotating this image so that north is up, increasing its contrast and cropping it yields this: the complete Lunar Module (both the ascent stage and the descent stages): notice the tapering shadow. This is the very first orbital image of an Apollo LM, and it was taken while its astronauts were still on the Moon.
Thanks to the ASU data we know exactly when it was taken: on July 31st, 1971, during the sixteenth lunar orbit of the Commmand and Service Module Endeavour. In other words, about an hour after Dave Scott’s Stand-Up EVA, so Scott and Irwin were inside the LM when this photo was taken by Al Worden from an altitude of 101.22 km.
I’d like to clarify that I’m not claiming this to be my discovery: I’m merely documenting the method you can use to access these images. The Apollo Lunar Surface Journal already has this image in its Apollo 15 Map and Image Library. The ALSJ library, additionally, notes that Apollo 15 also took other pictures of the landing site showing the LM from orbit during later orbits while Scott and Irwin were still on the Moon (frame 9430, orbit 27 and frame 9798, orbit 38) and after they departed (frames 9809 and 9814, orbit 50). The photograph shown here is the very first one.
Labels:
Apollo 15,
English,
fotografie,
LM
Iscriviti a:
Post (Atom)